Arduino Board
What is an Arduino development board and what does it do?
In this training, we will get to know the arduino development board that we will use in robotic projects, get information about the purpose of using the arduino board in the projects, and also get brief information about the technical features of the input and output units on the board.
ARDUINO BOARD
Arduino is an electronic platform with open source hardware features and coding structure that can be processed with the input and output pins on it due to its programmable structure, consisting of electronic hardware. Arduino is useful for activating the work, functions and the work of electronic components, which can be used in various electronic projects and which are desired to be made in these projects, using coding, that is, programs.
ARDUINO CARD BENEFITS
These benefits are; Starting a motor, reading a sensor sensor data and taking action according to these data in the project, using it to light a led light in the projects are some of these benefits. In summary, we can say that arduino is an electronic platform that aims to reveal what can be done in your project with a series of signals received from outside via the microcontroller on it, that is, with instructions, and to contribute to the project with the actions to be taken. In order to be able to process the Arduino, the coding must be uploaded and to transfer this coding to the Arduino, you must use the IDE, that is, the arduino application, which is offered free of charge by the manufacturer.
Arduino Uno If we look at the basic hardware features
Now let’s look at the basic hardware features of the Arduino Uno development board, which we will use in our robotic projects.
1. Microprocessors such as ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328 are used on the Arduino board.
2. There is also an integrated regulator on the Arduino that will convert the power input to 5 volts. The power to be supplied to the Arduino should not exceed 12 volts. In fact, supplying it with less than 12 volts is very important to avoid damaging the board.
3. Arduino Card is a card with flash memory.
4. There is a 16MHz crystal oscillator or ceramic resonator on the Arduino Board.
5. EEPROM is among the basic hardware features of the Arduino Board. This section is the memory area that the encoding people can use to store the information they have created.
6. In addition, SRAM, ie static random access memory, is available. This environment is where variables are created and changed while the draft is running.
7. If we look at the Digital Input part: There are 14 inputs on the Arduino board, 6 of which are PWM, from which digital data can be received.
8. In Analog Input: There are 6 inputs where analog data can be received.
AS ADDITIONAL NOTE TO THESE EXPLANATIONS, WE CAN SAY THE FOLLOWING
Flash memory and EEPROM memories are memories in which the information is not lost even if the power supply of the card is cut off. Apart from these memories, SRAM memory; It is the memory where all information is lost when the energy supply of the card is lost.
Now let’s take a look at the Arduino Development Board Models that we can use in our projects.
Arduino Development Board Models Project to Screen In this training, we will briefly talk about the information on the Arduino Uno, Nano and Pro Mini development board, which we will use in future projects.
If we talk briefly about Atmel Atmega Architecture, which is now used on Arduino.
Atmega Processor Architecture Developed by Atmel; Project to Screen The AVR Atmega series are expressed as microcontrollers with 8-bit Risc processors. After the first products developed, AVRs have been further developed and many different product ranges have been obtained so far. We can divide these AVR Microcontrollers into 5 different product classes as seen on the screen. AVR Microcontroller Classes Tiny AVR with 0.5-8 kb program memory, 6-32 pin package MegaAVR with 4-256 kb program memory, 28-100 pin package With 16-384 kb program memory, 44-100 pin package, Digital/Analog and cryptology support, XMEGA specificAVR with PWM control, LCD and USB FPGA 5K with 40K gates over 50 MHZ, FPSLIC
Now we can examine the connections on the Arduino, which we will use in our projects, separately. First, let’s start the review on Arduino data inputs and outputs.
Arduino Digital / Analog Inputs and Outputs on Arduino; In the sections shown in the picture, there are 6 analog input pins from A0 to A5 and 14 digital data input and output pins, 6 of which can be used as PWM outputs in projects.
Information on Arduino Board and Its Functions
Let’s understand what the connections on the Arduino board will be used for. This is very important because; We will use these connections in future projects. That’s why you should learn Ardino connections very well. USB Input; It provides 5 Volt input for Arduino and also helps us to transfer the codes we wrote on our computer to Arduino. It is possible to reflect the information produced by the program written while the USB port is connected to the computer screen via serial communication. Adapter or Battery inputs; These are the inputs to be used when powering the Arduino between 7 and 12 Volts.
ATmega328P Microcontroller
It is the controller where the programs are loaded and run on the microcontroller, and information is produced and used.
Serial Communication Chip; Serial connection chip.
Reset Button; Button to restart the Arduino at any time.
16 MHz Crystal; Crystal Counter. Voltage Regulator; voltage stabilizer.
Power Indicator Led; When the Arduino is energized, the LED indicating that the power is coming. 3.3 and 5 Volt 2 pins; Arduino external power pins.
VinPin; External power pin for external power.
ICSP pins for USB interface; The pin for connecting. ICSP serial programming pins; Atmega 328 MCU usage pins.
TX/RX Leds; Pins indicating the communication of the TX and RX pin connections. Debug
Led Pin; Arduino debug pin (Used for data control after programming)
TX/RX Pins; Pins that connect the TX and RX pins.
Analog Reference Pin; Pin used for Analog Reference.
GND; Ground Ground pin 14 digital input and output pins, 6 of which are PWM outputs 6 Analog input and output pins Arduino Power Supplies Powered from USB Input Battery Powered Feeding Using Vin Pin Power Using the 5 Volt Pin Power from USB Input
Arduino can be powered by the USB input socket on it. If you are going to energize the Arduino from the computer, the 5 Volt Usb output on your computer is ideal for this. You can also use this USB port to communicate with Ardiuno and transfer the codes written on your computer to Arduino via this port. Putting a higher voltage on the USB input, which works with a 5 Volt supply, may cause damage to the Arduino board.
External Battery Powered
It can be operated with a battery inserted from the outside into the jack input on the Arduino. It should be noted that this input supply is between 7 and 12 Volts. If a voltage of more than 5 Volts is applied to this jack input, as stated before, this high voltage is used by converting this high voltage to the voltage at which the Arduino will operate, with the regulated integrated on the Arduino.
Powering via Vin Pin on Arduino
The Vin Pin on the Arduino is also the pin connected to the jack input used by the Arduino. Like the external battery supply jack, if the voltage applied to the Vin pin is high, it is converted to the voltage that the Arduino will operate with the regulator. Again, it should be noted that this input supply is between 7 and 12 Volts. After connecting the positive terminal of the battery or adapter to be used to the positive terminal of the Vin pin, you must connect the other negative terminal to the ‘GND’ ground terminal of the Arduino. The issue that we need to pay attention to is that we determine the ends to be connected well and ensure that the voltage to be given is not more than 12 Volts. Otherwise, the Arduino board may be damaged.
Power by 5 Volt Pin on Arduino
If we apply the 5 Volt voltage that we will use from the outside to the 5 Volt Pin on the Arduino, we will observe that the Arduino is working. Again, you must be careful not to apply more than 5 Volts to this pin, otherwise you will damage the Arduino board. For this process, if you connect the positive end of the 5 Volt voltage source to the 5 Volt Pin and the negative end to the GND, that is, the ground Pin, you will complete the powering process.
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